What is this academic project about? This essay compares the authoritarian regimes of Francoist Spain and Salazar’s Portugal to evaluate whether they meet the academic definition of fascism. It examines their political structures, leadership styles, party systems, use of repression, and relationship with civil society. University: University Carlos III of Madrid major: Dual Bachelor in…

What is this academic project about? This essay examines three key lessons from the history of the League of Nations: the challenges of enforcing collective security, the mixed effectiveness of economic sanctions as a tool for deterrence, and the limitations of minority rights protection under a Eurocentric framework. While acknowledging the League’s structural weaknesses and…